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A figure of speech is figurative language in the form of a single word or phrase. It can be a special repetition, arrangement or omission of words with literal meaning, or a phrase with a specialized meaning not based on the literal meaning of the words. There are mainly five figures of speech: simile, metaphor, hyperbole, personification and synecdoche. Figures of speech often provide emphasis, freshness of expression, or clarity. However, clarity may also suffer from their use, as any figure of speech introduces an ambiguity between literal and figurative interpretation. A figure of speech is sometimes called a rhetorical figure or a locution. Rhetoric originated as the study of the ways in which a source text can be transformed to suit the goals of the person reusing the material. For this goal, classical rhetoric detected four fundamental operations〔Jansen, Jeroen (2008) ''(Imitatio )'' ISBN 978-90-8704-027-7 (Summary ) translated to English by Kristine Steenbergh. Quote from the summary: Using these formulas, a pupil could render the same subject or theme in a myriad of ways. For the mature author, this principle offered a set of tools to rework source texts into a new creation. In short, the quadripartita ratio offered the student or author a ready-made framework, whether for changing words or the transformation of entire texts. Since it concerned relatively mechanical procedures of adaptation that for the most part could be learned, the techniques concerned could be taught at school at a relatively early age, for example in the improvement of pupils’ own writing.〕 that can be used to transform a sentence or a larger portion of a text: expansion, abridgement, switching, transferring and so on. == The four fundamental operations == (詳細はfour fundamental operations, or categories of change, governing the formation of all figures of speech are:-〔 * addition (adiectio), also called repetition/expansion/superabundance * omission (detractio), also called subtraction/abridgement/lack * transposition (transmutatio), also called transferring * permutation (immutatio), also called switching/interchange/substitution/transmutation These four operations were detected by classical rhetoricians, and still serve to encompass the various figures of speech. Originally these were called, in Latin, the four operations of ''quadripartita ratio''. The ancient surviving text mentioning them, although not recognizing them as the four fundamental principles, is the ''Rhetorica ad Herennium'', of unknown authorship, where they are called πλεονασμός (addition), ἔνδεια (omission), μετάθεσις (transposition) and ἐναλλαγή (permutation).〔Book V, 21.29, pp.303–5〕 Quintillian then mentioned them in ''Institutio Oratoria''.〔Institutio Oratoria, Vol. I, Book I, (Chapter 5 ), paragraphs 6 and 38–41. And also in Book VI (Chapter 3 )〕 Philo of Alexandria also listed them as addition (πρόσθεσις), subtraction (ἀφαίρεσις), transposition (μετάθεσις), and transmutation (ἀλλοίωσις).〔(Rhetorica ad Herennium )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Figure of speech」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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